Explaining Diversity Essay - 1090 Words

Explaining Diversity The history of humanity has shown that the influences of a select few, charting their ideas of what is right and wrong, pure or dirty, black or white may all influence cultures; but these principles do not follow a certain direction. Rather, with the continuance of culture through time, the principles have diverged human experience into thousands of different cultures. In Biology as Ideology, the argument of genetic determinism arises; ones genetic makeup and other biological factors are the main determinants of individual behavior. This theory is greatly reliant on a culture looking for a direct cause and effect relationship between the genetic makeup of humans and social ability. Like this belief, the Origin Myth†¦show more content†¦Moreover, it tries to create a concrete definition of why there is cultural diversity among human beings. The Origin Myth performs a like function as well; It expresses, enhances, and codifies belief; it safeguards and enforces morality. The purpose of myth is very similar to the purpose of explaining Biological determinism. They both reason from human experience to establish cultural truth. They create a perfect world for themselves. Furthermore, Lewontin explains that we differ as humans because we were genetically trained to be unique by our parents. The struggle to define ones culture is relative to the past; Lewontin explains this by biological inheritance, while the Trobrianders explain by claiming their creation stemmed, from underground where men were organized to explain this. Again, they both create a perfect situation from their past to give truth and meaning to their culture today. Additionally, Biology as Ideology goes on to argue, there are certain inborn similarities among us all. But one must realize these innate similarities in both cultures are from an emic perspective. The two texts are similar because one must understand the assumptions within each culture before one may understand the myths themselves. In Biology as Ideology, one must understand the nature of the genome before one can understand how the gene determines individual and social character. In the Origin Myths, most Trobrianders pass on stories explainingShow MoreRelatedCreating A Culture Of Inclusion1521 Words   |  7 PagesDiverse Workforce I think that the article did a good job explaining why creating a culture of inclusion, can help a business attain organizational success. Even though inclusion initiatives can be hard to quantify in a business organization, if they are not properly implemented, the effects will be felt. I totally agree with some of the shortcomings of a lack of inclusiveness, which are high employee turnover, diminished performance levels, disinterest, and negative attitudes. 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Wolseys Fall - 697 Words

Assess the reasons behind Wolseys fall From the beginning of Henry VIII reign to 1529, Cardinal Wolsey was a influential figure and Henrys key advisor. However by 1529 Wolsey had been charged with praemunire and was due to be executed in November 1530. The most important reason for this was because of Wolseys failure to obtain a divorce between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. The main reason behind Wolseys fall was his failure to obtain a divorce between Catherine of Argon and Henry VIII. Henrys desire to end his marriage began in 1527 in which Wolsey promised would be a quick and easy problem to resolve due to his influence with the pope. However after two years of waiting Henry became desperate for a divorce. Wolsey made†¦show more content†¦Overall, the main reason for the fall of Wolsey was because of his failure to obtain a divorce. This resulted in a loss of power, and support from the king. Whereas the Amicable Grant and tensions with the nobles facilitated Wolseys fall, they did not cause him to lose all of his power or the kingsShow MoreRelatedThomas Wolseys fall from power Essay example1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe most important reason for Wolsey’s fall from power was his failure to obtain a divorce. How far do you agree? Wolsey was a cardinal and statesman, Henry’s lord chancellor and most faithful servant, whom he was most reliant upon. From 1515 to 1529 Wolsey’s rule was undisputed. Henry VIII delegated more and more state business to him, including near complete control of England’s foreign policy. Wolsey’s finest hour was arranging the Field of Cloth of Gold. Wolsey used his wealth to indulge hisRead MoreDo You Agree with the View That in the Years 1515-1525 Henry Viii Wholly Surrendered Power in Government to Cardinal Wolsey?892 Words   |  4 Pagesas an Alter Rex. Despite the positivity and great power J.J. Scarisbrick gives to Wolsey within the source we also learn that George Cavendish influences this source significantly even right from the beginning ‘Cavendish...tells us’. Cavendish was Wolsey’s friend and servant, meaning he would be more than likely faithful to his master and try and write as positively about him as possible. This means th at potentially the source might not be so reliable. †¨ However, Source 5 written in 1994 by JohnRead More Wolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Essay2581 Words   |  11 PagesWolseys Responsibility For His Own Downfall Thomas Wolsey can be easily viewed as being responsible for his own downfall. John Guy believes that Wolsey was â€Å"brilliant but flawed.† His rise was based on luck, charm, intelligence and opportunism. Wolsey had such high ambitions and gave Henry the idea he was capable of getting him anything, so when Wolsey failed to get Henry a divorce, it was seen as the final nail on the coffin to his downfall. His policies are alsoRead MoreHenry Viiis Solliloquy In Henry Viii By William Shakespeare842 Words   |  4 Pagescry for justice may just as well piggyback his despair, leading to a devilish outcome. A key allusion is made in the reading upon Shakespeare’s reference to Lucifer and his fall from the side of God to the depths of hell. By providing an interpretation of this established idea, a comparison can be drawn between Cardinal Wolsey’s current state of being in reference to that very story. Not only that, but it allows the reader an opportunity to infer events that weren’t directly discussed in the speechRead MoreAct 2 Scene 4 Of Henry Viii1238 Words   |  5 Pagesambitions. During Buckingham’s trial, though, it is unclear who we should trust: Buckingham could be lying in his accusations about Wolsey, and Wolsey’s accusations of Buckingham of treason could possibly be true. But by the time we reach Katherine’s trial, we are shown more of the truth regarding Wolsey’s intentions. At this point in the play, we have seen Wolsey’s encouragement of the King to separate from Katherine in Act II, Scene II: CARDINAL WOLSEY: Who can be angry now? What envy reach you? TheRead MoreThomas Cromwell : A Great Writer Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagesbecame a part of the English government with work through service towards Cardinal Wolsey. Cromwell became Wolsey’s primary secretary and his second in command. Under Wolsey, he suppressed multiple monasteries and took funds from them to build and support Wolsey’s schools (Maynard, 19). When Wolsey began losing his title and dropping from his position, Cromwell quickly left so he also did not fall out. Cromwell began working for King Henry VIII. Cromwell quickly worked his way to the top and became aRead MoreDomestic Policy Under Cardinal Thomas Wolsey Was a Failure How Far Do You Agree with This Statement?2564 Words   |  11 Pagesforeign glory it was to be Wolsey’s focus. On the other hand though, certain efficiency in tax collection was needed to fund the adventurous foreign policies Wolsey needed to impose and of course stability in government was needed for diplomatic success. Not to mention the character of the man himself, he was unlikely to not want involvement in all political matters in government, whether foreign or otherwise. This natural zealous could go down as the reason for one of Wolsey’s key failing [in domesticRead MoreThe Rule Of The Court Of Henry Viii And The Fall Of Thomas Cromwell2088 Words   |  9 Pagesthe King’s decision making process. When exploring the idea that Henry VIII was controlled by factions, there are three events during the King’s reign, which suggest that faction was highly influential and prominent: the fall of Cardinal Wolsey, the fall of Anne Boleyn and the fall of Thomas Cromwell. 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By 1527, Henry was worried that there would be no legitimate heir to the English throne upon his death, so he petitioned for an annulment. The situation surrounding the annulment of his marriage intensifies when Henry VIII falls for another women named Anne Boleyn. Throughout his life Henry VIII has six wives 3 ending in death, 2 of them by execution. Through Henrys’ divorce from Catherine of Argon, came England separation from Rome. Through legislation passed by the English

Enterprise Resource Planning for Air Transport - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEnterprise Resource Planning for Air Transport. Answer: Introduction In the current business scenario, innovation is one of the key sources of gaining competitive advantages in the market. Thus, any entrepreneurial ventures should first identify the gap in the current marketing scenario, according to which they will offer their products or services in the market. Initiation of the innovative approach in the market will help the entrepreneurs in having positive organizational performance from the initial stage (Volberda, Van Den Bosch Heij, 2013). Check tag is a new entrepreneurial venture started in Australia, which will provide security and tracking tags for the luggage of the air travelers. This is one of the most innovative and potential market to have for them due to the reason that, in the current scenario of air transport, millions of people are availing the service and with the increase in the air traffic, more instances of loss of luggage is originating (Sennou et al., 2013). Thus, with the help of the safety and tracking tags, check tag will enable the airliners as well as the customers to track the movement of their luggage in real time. The instances of loss of luggage will also get reduced. Due to the fact that. This is a new concept in the market and thus check tags will have huge market potential for them. This report will discuss about the potentiality of check tags in the market. Moreover, the idea of this concept along with various factors of having potential of this idea will also be discussed. Recommendations will also be discussed, which will further help them to enhance their effectiveness and performance in the market. Current market scenario With the increase in the air traffic and movement of air travelers around the world, issues such as mismanagement and loss of luggage is rapidly increasing. As of 2016, 5.76 cases of loss of baggage per 1000 travelers had been aroused (Ahmed, Pedersen Lu, 2013). Moreover, it is being expected that with the increase in the air traffic in the coming years, these types of instances will increase further. Thus, there is an urgent need of initiating some sort of technological devices to overcome this issue (Alsyouf, Humaid Al Kamali, 2014). This is due to the reason that, the loss of baggage involves not only the particular travelers but also the airliners. Airliners have to pay penalty and compensation to their customers in case of loss of baggage. This involves a good amount of money for them. On the other hand, customers also have to born the consequences when their baggage having important documents is getting lost. In addition, the rate of satisfaction level of the customers also g ets reduced due to this issue (David, 2013). Mishandled Bags 5,73 mishandled bags per 1000 in 2016 3,77 billion passagiers a year Luggage lost 0.0057 Passangers woldwide 3,770,000,000.00 Total mishandled bags 21,602,100.00 towards SITA 2016 10,200,000.00 Costs for Airlines costs for mishandled bags 2016 (SITA) 2,100,000,000.00 US $ costs per passenger 0.56 US $ Table: 1 Cost involved in mishandling of the bags Source: Authors creation From the above table, it is been seen that, a huge cost is being involved with the airliners in paying the compensations. However, in the recent past, no effective means of overcoming this issue is being found. This is due to the reason that, the management of baggage of the air travelers is quite complex and involves several process and methodologies (Nicolae et al., 2016). Airliners have to maintain all the luggage of their customers to be transported in various part of the world from different areas. Thus, the new concept should effective as well as efficient in order to provide holistic and full proof solution. In addition, the involved cost should also be considered in initiation of new concept. Initiation of check tags With the need in the market of a new sustainable and effective concept to overcome the above identified issue, check tags is being initiated. It will be a GPS enabled tag, which will be attached with the check in tag of the customers baggage (Collota, Pau Tirroto, 2015). This tag will have multiple benefits for both the airliners and the customers. This tag enables the airliner to keep track of the movement of the baggage from the check in counter of the customer to the outbound facilities. They can also track he movement of the baggage in the arrival airport till the time it is being delivered to the customer (Mantin Wang, 2012). Thus, it will help the airliner in keeping the track of the whole movement of the baggage along with identifying the area of loss in case of any loss of baggage. Security can also be enhanced with the involvement of the check tags. Any types of theft can be effectively identified and traced (Ahmed, Calders Pedersen, 2015). On the other hand, customers wi ll have the access of seeing the movement of their baggage from the departure airport to arrival airport in real time. Thus it will also empower the customers. If the customer will have the access to this, then they will be surer about the security of their baggage, which will in turn increase their satisfaction level. Moreover, customers will be provided to dedicated apps in their mobile devices, where they will have the access of tracking and managing their baggage (Page, 2012). Push messages and notification will be sent to the customers after delivery of their baggage in every destination. This system will be similar to what is being followed in the delivery of the online products. Thus, customers will have the periodic update about the movement of their belongings. The ap will also feature alarm button for the customers, which they can use in case of any emergency. For instance, if customer thinks that their baggage is going the different way, then they can communicate with the airliner with the help of the alarm button. Cost involved in the process The concept being discussed above will only be successful if it can prove cost effective compared to the existing system of baggage handling. Thus, a complete chart of cost involved with this new concept compared to the existing one has been made. Check tag cost (Including all) (US$) Cost/ passenger (US$) Mishandled bag cost (per passenger) (US$) saving (Per passenger) (US$) Sum per year (US$) Airport 25 m passengers 2,360,000 0.0944 0.56 0.4656 11,640,000 Airport 10 m passengers 952,000 0.0952 0.56 0.4648 4,648,000 Airport 5 m passengers 448,000 0.0896 0.56 0.4704 2,352,000 Airport 1 m passengers 80,000 0.0992 0.56 0.4608 460,800 Table: 2 Calculation of cost involved Source: Authors creation From the above table, it is been seen that, the cost involved in mishandling of baggage per passenger is 0.56 US$. However, on the other hand, cost involved including all the elements of check tags per passenger is 0.0944 US$ for the airports having more than 25 million of passengers annually (Le et al., 2012). Thus, there is a savings of 0.4656 US$ per passenger, which can summed up to US$ 11,640,000 per year with help of check tags. Thus, all the stakeholders related to the management of baggage of the travelers will be benefited from incurring low cost. Thus, it is proved that initiation of check tags will be more cost effective compared to the existing systems. Challenges Though initiation of the check tags will change the existing scenario in the airports, but there are still some challenges that may pose threats to its utility. This includes tag having different built material and color in different regions. For instance, European standard tag should have to be black and white with green strips. Thus, it will be difficult for the airliners to change the tag in between the journey in case of travelling from one region to another. Another challenge is built material. If the tags are being built with hard material then the cost will get increased and on the other hand, if it is being built with soft paper material, then chance of worn out of the GDP label is high (Caceres Friday, 2012). Thus, it will also pose challenge. To have the optimal utility of the tags, tracking systems should have to install in every airports around the world. Thus, this will involve a good cost and will require permission of the respective authorities. Recommendations Privacy of the customers should be maintained effectively. This is due to the reason that, customer information will be stored with the tag. Thus, breach of privacy can happen and should be prevented effectively. Check tags should start as the pilot project in the domestic aviation of Australia. If it can get success, then it will be easy for them to convince the governments in other countries for installation. Technical part should be considered effectively due to the reason that the tracking the luggage with the help of the tag in the mobile of the customers will be based on pure technical expertise. Thus, it should be ensured by them that, any type of technical snag will not happen. Otherwise, it will affect the impression and service quality to the customers. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that, check tags have huge potential in the market due to being an innovative concept. It is been discussed in this report that, Check tags will provide accuracy as well as cost effectiveness to the users along with reduction in the probability in the chance of any theft and security concerns. Satisfaction level of the customers will also get increased due to this. However, there are some challenges also being identified in this report. Accordingly, recommendations are being provided to overcome these challenges and have effective and holistic implementation of this concept. Reference Ahmed, T., Calders, T., Pedersen, T. B. (2015, June). Mining risk factors in RFID baggage tracking data. In Mobile Data Management (MDM), 2015 16th IEEE International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 235-242). IEEE. Ahmed, T., Pedersen, T. B., Lu, H. (2013, June). A data warehouse solution for analyzing rfid-based baggage tracking data. In Mobile Data Management (MDM), 2013 IEEE 14th International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 283-292). IEEE. Alsyouf, I., Humaid, F., Al Kamali, S. (2014, December). Mishandled baggage problem: Causes and improvement suggestions. In Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2014 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 154-158). IEEE. Caceres, R., Friday, A. (2012). Ubicomp systems at 20: Progress, opportunities, and challenges. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 11(1), 14-21. Collotta, M., Pau, G., Tirrito, S. (2015, March). A preliminary study to increase baggage tracking by using a RFID solution. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1648, No. 1, p. 780005). AIP Publishing. David Mc A, B. (2013). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines. American Journal of Tourism Research, 2(1), 67-77. Le, V. T., Zhang, J., Johnstone, M., Nahavandi, S., Creighton, D. (2012, October). A generalised data analysis approach for baggage handling systems simulation. In Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2012 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1681-1687). IEEE. Mantin, B., Wang, J. H. (2012). Determinants of profitability and recovery from system-wide shocks: The case of the airline industry. Journal of Airline and Airport Management, 2(1), 1-33. Nicolae, M., Ar?kan, M., Deshpande, V., Ferguson, M. (2016). Do bags fly free? An empirical analysis of the operational implications of airline baggage fees. Management Science. Page, T. (2012). The Influence of Mobile Devices and Apps on Product Design: Design Tools on the Move. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. Sennou, A. S., Berrada, A., Salih-Alj, Y., Assem, N. (2013, January). An interactive RFID-based bracelet for airport luggage tracking system. InIntelligent Systems Modelling Simulation (ISMS), 2013 4th International Conference on(pp. 40-44). IEEE. Volberda, H. W., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Heij, C. V. (2013). Management innovation: Management as fertile ground for innovation.European Management Review,10(1), 1-15.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (638 words) - Fiction, Literature

Lord of the Flies In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding utilizes many elements of symbolism to help accomplish his motif, which is "man is basically evil." Symbolism can be anything, a person, place or thing, used to portray something beyond itself. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys. Let us know look closer at the ways Golding uses this form of symbolism. From the very beginning of the story the boys inwardly strip themselves of the remnants of the basic civilized world. This is shown when the boys shed their clothes; their school sweaters, then the rest of their clothes are torn off. Their hair becomes increasingly disheveled, long, and entangled with small twigs. Since the boys are left without any adult supervision they have to turn to their collective unconscious. The collective unconscious was discovered by the renown psychologist Carl Jung. Let us now look further into each individual character in the novel, and discover how they each contribute to portray the ending of the story. Ralph is one of the older boys on the island and remains the leader throughout most of the novel. He is described as a pure, English lad. Such details as his fair hair and the fact that he is wearing his school sweater symbolizes many things. First of all the fact that he has fair hair represents that he will be the positive force throughout the novel, as opposed to Jack who is described as having red hair. The fact that he keeps his school sweater symbolizes his desire to keep the island somewhat civilized. He does everything he can to keep the boys under some kind of society. He makes laws including the freedom of speech. Ralph becomes very popular in the beginning, however as the novel proceeds and the society deteriorates, the popular leader is abandoned for a strong-armed dictator; Jack Merridew. The impression that we have of Jack is that he is a tall thin boy with a shock of red hair at the summit of a black cloak. Jacks appearance seems to suggest evil. Unlike Ralph who stands for common sense and a desire for normal civilized life, all Jack cares about is hunting. Because of this opposition between Jack and Ralph, Jack is Ralph's main antagonist. Symbolically Jack breaks away from good when he baptizes himself with the blood of the slaughtered pig. Jack eventually breaks away from Ralph and the others and forms his own group which will basically strive for blood. This leads to multiple murders. With the exception of Ralph, Piggy, and a few others, Jack lures the other boys to join him. According to the laws of Freudian Psychology Jacks Id has taken over. Another character portrayed in Lord of the Flies is Piggy. Piggy is the object of much mockery and is obviously a fat boy. Piggy foresees both the need for a closely watched signal fire and for secure shelters on the beach. Piggys spectacles are used to start the fire. Piggy could represent knowledge or intelligence, a figure which is often depicted as a fire-bringer. A familiar expression that can represent this is the fire of inspiration. Even though Piggy represented all good he was often jeered at. Simon is a Christ figure. He is quiet, almost unnoticed, yet he speaks wiser than the others. His wander deep into the heart of the woods in chapter three, is representative of Jesus' journey's to isolate himself to pray to his Father. As we can clearly see, William Golding has used much symbolism to help portray the ending of the novel, Lord of the Flies.

Opeation Compass during World War II

Opeation Compass during World War II Operation Compass - Conflict: Operation Compass took place during World War II (1939-1945). Operation Compass - Date: Fighting in the Western Desert began on December 8, 1940 and concluded on February 9, 1941. Armies Commanders: British General Richard OConnorGeneral Archibald Wavell31,000 men275 tanks, 60 armored cars, 120 artillery pieces Italians General Rodolfo GrazianiGeneral Annibale Bergonzoli150,000 men600 tanks, 1,200 artillery pieces Operation Compass - Battle Summary: Following Italys June 10, 1940, declaration of war on Great Britain and France, Italian forces in Libya began raiding across the border into British-held Egypt. These raids were encouraged by Benito Mussolini who wished the Governor-General of Libya, Marshal Italo Balbo, to launch a full scale offensive with the goal of capturing the Suez Canal. After Balbos accidental death on June 28, Mussolini replaced him with General Rodolfo Graziani and gave him similar instructions. At Grazianis disposal were the Tenth and Fifth Armies which consisted of around 150,000 men. Opposing the Italians were the 31,000 men of Major General Richard OConnors West Desert Force. Though badly outnumbered the British troops were highly mechanized and mobile, as well as possessed more advanced tanks than the Italians. Among these was the heavy Matilda infantry tank which possessed armor that no available Italian tank/anti-tank gun could breach. Only one Italian unit was largely mechanized, the Maletti Group, which possessed trucks and a variety of light armor. On September 13, 1940, Graziani gave into Mussolinis demand and attacked into Egypt with seven divisions as well as the Maletti Group. After recapturing Fort Capuzzo, the Italians pressed into Egypt, advancing 60 miles in three days. Halting at Sidi Barrani, the Italians dug in to await supplies and reinforcements. These were slow arriving as the Royal Navy had increased its presence in the Mediterranean and was intercepting Italian supply ships. To counter the Italian advance, OConnor planned Operation Compass which was designed to push the Italians out of Egypt and back into Libya as far as Benghazi. Attacking on December 8, 1940, British and Indian Army units struck at Sidi Barrani. Exploiting a gap in the Italian defenses discovered by Brigadier Eric Dorman-Smith, British forces attacked south of Sidi Barrani and achieved complete surprise. Supported by artillery, aircraft, and armor, the assault overran the Italian position within five hours and resulted in the destruction of the Maletti Group and the death of its commander, General Pietro Maletti. Over the next three days, OConnors men pushed west destroying 237 Italian artillery pieces, 73 tanks, and capturing 38,300 men. Moving through Halfaya Pass, they crossed the border and captured Fort Capuzzo. Wishing to exploit the situation, OConnor wanted to keep attacking however he was forced to halt as his superior, General Archibald Wavell, withdrew the 4th Indian Division from the battle for operations in East Africa. This was replaced on December 18 by the raw Australian 6th Division, marking the first time Australian troops saw combat in World War II. Resuming the advance, the British were able to keep the Italians off balance with the speed of their attacks which led to entire units being cut off and forced to surrender. Pushing into Libya, the Australians captured Bardia (January 5, 1941), Tobruk (January 22), and Derna (February 3). Due to their inability to stop OConnors offensive, Graziani made the decision to completely abandon the region of Cyrenaica and ordered the Tenth Army to fall back through Beda Fomm. Learning of this, OConnor devised a new plan with the goal of destroying the Tenth Army. With the Australians pushing the Italians back along the coast, he detached Major General Sir Michael Creaghs 7th Armoured Division with orders to turn inland, cross the desert, and take Beda Fomm before the Italians arrived. Traveling via Mechili, Msus and Antelat, Creaghs tanks found the rough terrain of the desert difficult to cross. Falling behind schedule, Creagh made the decision to send a flying column forward to take Beda Fomm. Christened Combe Force, for its commander Lieutenant Colonel John Combe, it was composed of around 2,000 men. As it was intended to move quickly, Creagh limited its armor support to light and Cruiser tanks. Rushing forward, Combe Force took Beda Fomm on February 4. After establishing defensive positions facing north up the coast, they came under heavy attack the next day. Desperately attacking Combe Forces position, the Italians repeatedly failed to break through. For two days, Combes 2,000 men held off 20,000 Italians supported by over 100 tanks. On February 7, 20 Italian tanks managed to break into the British lines but were defeated by Combes field guns. Later that day, with the rest of the 7th Armoured Division arriving and the Australians pressing from the north, the Tenth Army began surrendering en masse. Operation Compass - Aftermath The ten weeks of Operation Compass succeeded in pushing the Tenth Army out of Egypt and eliminating it as a fighting force. During the campaign the Italians lost around 3,000 killed and 130,000 captured, as well as approximately 400 tanks and 1,292 artillery pieces. West Desert Forces losses were limited to 494 dead and 1,225 wounded. A crushing defeat for the Italians, the British failed to exploit the success of Operation Compass as Churchill ordered the advance stopped at El Agheila and began pulling out troops to aid in the defense of Greece. Later that month, the German Afrika Korps began deploying to the area radically changing the course of the war in North Africa.   This would lead to fighting back and forth with Germans winning at places such as Gazala before being halted at First El Alamein and crushed at Second El Alamein.  Ã‚   Selected Sources History of War: Operation CompassWorld War II Database: Operation Compass

Profile of Rae Carruth

Profile of Rae Carruth His Early Years Rae Carruth was born in January 1974, in Sacramento, California. As a child and into his teens, he seemed to have a focus; he wanted to be a professional football player. He was a high school All-American and popular with his classmates. Academically he struggled, but eventually he won a sports scholarship to college. His Football Career: Carruth was recruited as a wide receiver at the University of Colorado in 1992. While there, he maintained his point average and had no disciplinary issues. In 1997, the Carolina Panthers selected Carruth in their first-round draft pick. At age 23, he signed a four-year contract for $3.7 million as a starting wide receiver. In 1998, with just one season under his belt, he broke his foot. In 1999, he sprained his ankle and there were rumors that he was becoming a liability to the Panthers. His Lifestyle: Rae Carruth dated many women. Financially, his commitments began to surpass his monthly income. He lost a paternity suit in 1997 and was committed to child support payments of $3,500 a month. He also made bad investments. Money was getting tight and with his injuries, his future concerned him. It was during this time that he learned 24-year old Cherica Adams was pregnant with his child. Their relationship was described as casual and Carruth never stopped dating other women. Cherica Adams: Cherica Adams grew up in Kings Mountain, North Carolina eventually relocating to Charlotte. There she attended college for two years then became an exotic dancer. She met Carruth and the two began dating casually. When she became pregnant, Carruth asked her to have an abortion, but she refused. Her family said she was excited about having a baby, choosing the name Chancellor for her unborn son. She told friends, that after Carruth hurt his ankle, he became distant. The Crime: On Nov. 15, 1999, Adams and Carruth met for a date. This was only their second date since Adams informed Carruth of her pregnancy. They attended a 9:45 p.m. movie at the Regal Cinema in South Charlotte. When the movie was over, they left in separate cars and Adams followed behind Carruth. Within minutes of leaving the cinema, a car drove up along side Adams and one of the occupants began firing his gun directly at her. She was struck with four bullets into her back, damaging vital organs. The 911 Call: Struggling in pain, Cherica dialed 9-1-1. She told the dispatcher what happened and that she felt Carruth was involved in the shootings. With tears from pain, she explained that she was seven months pregnant with Carruth’s child. By the time police arrived, no suspects were to be found and Adams was rushed to the Carolina’s Medical Center. She went into surgery immediately and the doctors were able to save her baby boy, Chancellor Lee, even though he was 10-weeks premature. Dying Declaration: Adams was hanging onto life and somehow found the strength to write out notes based on her recollection of the events that took place during the shooting. In those notes, she indicated that Carruth had blocked her car so she could not escape the deadly bullets. She wrote that Carruth was there during the attack. Based on her notes and other evidence, the police arrested Carruth for conspiring to commit first-degree murder, attempted murder, and shooting into an occupied vehicle. The Charges Change to Murder: Also arrested for involvement in the crime was Van Brett Watkins, a habitual criminal; Michael Kennedy, who was believed to be the driver of the car; and Stanley Abraham, who was in the passenger seat of the car during the shootings. Carruth was the only one of the four who posted a $3 million bond with the agreement that if Adams or the baby died he would turn himself back in to the police. On December 14, Adams died from of her injuries. The charges against the four changed to murder. Carruth Takes Off: When Carruth found out that Adams died, he decided to flee instead of turning himself in, as promised. FBI agents found him in the trunk of a friends car in Wildersville, TN. and placed him back into custody. Up to this point, the Panthers had Carruth on paid leave, but once he became a fugitive, they severed all ties with him. The Trial: The trial took 27 days with testimony from 72 witnesses. The prosecutors argued that Carruth was the one who arranged to have Adams killed because he did not want to pay child support. The defense argued that the shooting was a result of a drug deal that Carruth was supposed to finance, but backed out of, at the last minute. Prosecution turned to the handwritten notes of Adams, that described how Carruth blocked her car so she could not escape from the gunshots. Phone records showed calls made from Carruth to co-defendent, Kennedy, around the time of the shooting. Michael Kennedy refused immunity for his testimony against Carruth. During his testimony, he said that Carruth wanted Adams dead so he did not have to pay child support. He also testified that Carruth was at the scene, blocking Adams car. Watkins, the man accused of shooting the gun, accepted a plea bargain to testify against Carruth in exchange for life instead of the death sentence. The prosecutor did not call him to the stand because of a statement he gave to a sheriff’s deputy that Carruth had nothing to do with the murder. He said Carruth backed out on a drug deal and they followed him to talk to him about it. He said they pulled up to Adams car to find out where Carruth was headed, and Adams made an obscene gesture to them. Watkins said he lost it and just started shooting. The defense decided to call Watkins to the stand, but Watkins denied ever saying anything about it being a drug deal, sticking to his plea agreement. Ex-girlfriend, Candace Smith, testified that Carruth admitted to her that he was involved in the shooting but he didnt pull the trigger. Over 25 people testified on Carruths behalf. Carruth never took the stand. Rae Carruth was found guilty of conspiracy to commit murder, shooting into an occupied vehicle and using an instrument to destroy an unborn child and was sentenced to 18-24 years in prison. Source:Court TVRae Carruth News - The New York Times

Every Child Matters Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Every Child Matters - Literature review Example The Children Act 2004 obliges schools and children's service agencies and other agencies, such as police, prisons and NHS trusts to protect children and promote their welfare. The agenda includes everything from "maltreatment, neglect, violence and sexual exploitation, accidental injury, and death, bullying and discrimination, to crime and antisocial behavior."   The areas of focus have been an educational failure, ill health, substance addiction, teenage pregnancy, abuse and neglect, crime and anti-social behavior among children and young people.The policy includes five main aims   of focus - be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution to society and achieve economic wellbeing. The aims of the program have been good health (mental and physical, health lifestyles), skills development, community and society participation, economic well-being, creating Sure Start Children’s Centres in at-risk neighborhoods. The Sure Start children's centre programme offers early learning opportunities for children. The program is based on the belief that high-quality play and books at early age help in further learning effort at later stages of schooling. This helps to identify early learning abilities of children and prevent any possible defects. Along with other planned activities the policy aimed to boost child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) through creation of a Young People’s Fund. The policy also targets improvement of speech and language therapy. There are also many other activities planned to boost the level of child protection and development.  

To Design Secure, Scalable and Responsive Database Security Plan and Research Paper

To Design Secure, Scalable and Responsive Database Security Plan and Requirements Definition Document for a Medical Records SAN - Research Paper Example tructure. However these corporate structures are presently under a great deal of risks. These risks include critical security and privacy attacks. In this scenario there is a dire need for the application of enhanced security and privacy solutions that ensure a scalable and responsive Medical Records SAN (Storage Area Network). In fact application of such security based solutions demands extensive security management endeavor. With the effective security management we can gain a better business competitive edge in the marketplace. This report is based on the security plan development and implementation for a Medical Records SAN (Storage Area Network). Part 1: Project Identification and Business Environment Major responsibilities for database security management For the development of an information security plan we generally require a comprehensive hierarchy of security management staff. In this scenario the corporate Chief Security Manager will be in-charge of this responsive, secur e and scalable database security plan. Then we will hire an Assistant Security Manager who will perform the responsibilities of managing operative measures and complex corporate security issues. Operational and  incident management  procedures In case of any security violation or threat the corporate security plan will be operational. However we will also maintain the facility of constantly database back-ups. In this way we can easily manage the complex situation through various security based measures to stop or manage such security threats. Personnel and procedures for daily administration In case if we want regular security and operational management for the corporate we will have to establish and maintain a suitable safety handling and managerial arrangement. This may involve a reporting mechanism on daily basis under the supervision of Assistant Security Manager who will compile the weekly security report for Chief Security Manager. Hence the responsible authority can take the necessary action for the overall security management and handling. Part 2: Architecture and Operating System Considerations Architecture of System The corporate information security policy will govern the overall corporate security management operations. Given below is a comprehensive architecture of the new security management arrangement for SAN: Figure 1: Architecture of security policy Source: http://itil.osiatis.es/ITIL_course/it_service_management/security_management/introduction_and_objectives_security_management/introduction_and_objectives_security_management.php The above given diagram shows a complete and clear overview of our desired responsive database security

European Colonization Essay Example for Free

European Colonization Essay It was said in Romans 8:31 â€Å"If God is with us, who can be against us? Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?† To any follower of Christ living in sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe, the answer to this question was no one. Europe believed that God gave them superiority and aid in their conquests and colonization of both Native American and African land. The three key factors that secured Europe’s domination of the New World were their technological superiority, impact on the environment, and capitalist orientation. One of the keys that led to European rule in the New World was their enormous impact on environment. When Europe exchanged its goods with the Native Americans and Africans, a significant change was made throughout the land. Indians â€Å"integrated European goods into their traditional practices, breaking up brass pots, for example, into small pieces that could be made into jewelry† (Of the People: A History of the United States Vol. 1). Diseases, such as smallpox and measles, were the results domestic trades and exposure among the Europeans. De Sahagun claims when â€Å"the Spaniards left Mexico, there came an illness of which many local people died; it was called â€Å"the great rash† (De Sahagun). These illnesses opened a door for the Europeans to conquer, since they were the carriers of these germs â€Å"Mrs. Cole lecture). Their strong sense of national competition (Of the People: A History of the United States Vol. 1) that came with mercantilism philosophy and their exposure to new diseases from different ethnic groups, Europeans held clear advantage over world trade (Mrs. Cole lecture) and different environments in the New World. Another key to Europe’s success in New World domination came from their technological superiority. Europe used advanced forms of weaponry, such as cannons, crossbows, and cannons, to destroy any forms of Indian opposition. From the journal of Spanish soldier Bernal Diaz, he claimed â€Å"with our muskets and crossbows and with good sword play we did not fail as stout fighters, and when they came to feel the edge of our swords little by little they fell back† (Diaz). A Spanish artilleryman could kill â€Å"many of [Indians] with his cannon, for they were formed in great squadrons† (Diaz), which allowed him to â€Å"fire at them as he pleased† (Diaz). The Indians, who opposed his army, â€Å"retreated towards a swamp† (Diaz). Another Indian tribe in particular, the Otomis, were â€Å"destroyed completely† from â€Å"guns, iron bolts, and crossbows† of the Spanish army (De Sahagun). These victories were the cause of an Indian civilization’s submission to European nations. De Sahagun claimed that â€Å"Tlaxacan rulers went to meet [the Spanish army], taking along food †¦ They said to them, â€Å"Welcome, our lords.†Ã¢â‚¬  (De Sehagun). Europe’s display of technological superiority through various battles struck fear and concerns for other nations in the New World. The final key securing Europe’s domination of the New World was through their capitalist orientation. Their orientation completely transformed Indian economy (Class notes). Before the Europeans came, Indians had a high value of wampum, but no means on how to use it more in political and social means. The Dutch taught Indians how to mass-produce wampum (Of the People: A History of the United States Vol. 1), giving Indians a wider approach in storing wealth for exchange of European goods. This was another European strategy to expand their money supply,† widening who held wampum† (class notes). Such a logical approach allowed the Europeans to take advantage of the Indian’s newly found source of profit, and to expand their European influence over New World civilization. Overall, it was Europe’s display of technological superiority, impact on the environment, and capitalist orientation within the New World that made it possible for them to conquer. Without these three factors and their alleged confirmation of the â€Å"Most High† to dominate, Europe would of never been able to make the conquering of the New World a success.

Infectious Death Through Lack of Living in The Snows of Kilimanjaro by

Infectious Death Through Lack of Living in The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway The short story â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† by Ernest Hemingway gives a look into the life of a man facing death in the African savannah as a result of an infection. Exotic locales and predominate dialogue are common in Hemingway’s writings and are evident in â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† as well. â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† by Ernest Hemingway portrays the theme of death by use of specific narration, the protagonist’s, Harry’s, attitude, and symbolism. Throughout â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro,† Hemingway uses the narration device of the flashback to provide a contrast to Harry’s present state and his life. The present state narration is composed mostly of dialogue and is devoid of Harry’s inner thoughts. The flashbacks are very similar to dreams and express Harry’s emotions and the way he lived life prior to his infectious state. These flashbacks are put into italics, whereas the present state of Harry is in plain type. It is at the end when this narration, writing and type style reveal Harry’s slipping mental state while he enters his death. The reader thinks when the plane comes and picks Harry up it is a â€Å"real-life† situation because of the lack of italicized type, but as the reader reads on it is evident that the rescue was materialized in Harry’s dream world. This meshing of flashback and present-time narration towards the end of Harry’s life shows how he has entere d his dream world, which in fact is his life, and he accepts his death. This blending of flashbacks also shows how a life not only includes experiences, such as Harry’s war experience and travel expeditions, but also includes death. Hemingway provides insight into his theme of death by use narration through flashbacks. Harry’s attitude towards death throughout the story reveals a lot about Harry’s character and opens up stereotypical ways one deals with death. He is calm and quite and does not request much and still wants his wife to be comfortable. His relaxed nature in his death is partly due to the fact he has been around it all the years of his life and his curiosity has been stifled. â€Å"For years [death] had obsessed him; but now it meant nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (255). His calm and quite state is also shown when he cites all he needs is a â€Å"whiskey-soda† (255). His need of alcohol in his dying state also contrasts him to... ...acted as a catalyst for Harry’s lost spirituality when after the war, he used them for whoring to forget about the terrible things he saw. Through Helen, Harry’s wife, Harry’s trust in women further vanishes through his artistic destruction through the wealth Helen has provided to him. This destruction of Harry caused by women, makes women death symbols, quite similar to the hyena. The last symbol Hemingway uses is Harry’s rotting leg itself. The rotting leg is a symbol for Harry’s rotting life. It is ironic that a man who has gone to war and has been trough many times of danger is dying because of a small thorn scratch he received while taking photographs in Africa. This irony and symbolism show Harry’s failures are literally and figuratively eating away at him. The use of symbols and their meanings portray the theme of death in â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro†. Ernest Hemingway focuses on the theme of death I his short story â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† by using the devices of narration, attitude towards death and symbolism. With all these devices into account the reader can see Harry’s mental state and thoughts on death as well as what has led up to his spiritual and physical death.

Research And Ethics Essay

Conducting a qualitative research is not an easy task. Aside from considerations regarding gathering data, looking up literature and other sources related to the study, and such, researchers engaged in qualitative studies should also consider ethical issues in order to provide results that are not only reliable and valid but also acceptable in terms of morality and standard principles. For qualitative researches to exhibit the qualities of ethically accepted studies, they should comply with certain principles and guidelines. These principles and guidelines include simple yet socially acceptable rules such as respecting the rights and human dignity of other people, providing research results that are highly beneficial and contributive, adhering to fairness and equality, and presenting the truth and nothing but the truth. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) One specific ethical issue in qualitative research is exploitation. This is a highly significant matter because it is related to the researcher’s relationship to the participants. Researchers should always respect participants avoiding exploitation, such that researchers do not impose power over them. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) For instance, a researcher takes advantage of the vulnerability of child or female participants by imposing power and authority and drawing from them personal and sensitive information that violates the privacy of human beings. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) Exploitation does not meet the responsibility of researchers over the security and welfare of the participants. Personal and sensitive information that will be presented in the research obtained from exploitation will not make the research study ethically or morally acceptable, annulling its reliability and validity as a research case. (Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research, 2008) Another ethical issue is the researcher’s responsibility to inform participants of the true nature of the research. This is based on the founding principles of qualitative research which states that the researcher should always protect participants from harm. Researchers should be able to inform participants of events that will follow the research process, such as the processes, operations, requirements, and such, in order for both the participants and the researcher to become aware of possible risks or threats. Considering the health of a participant is one possible consideration. For instance, the research study focuses on the effect of food to mood or emotions. The participant should be informed of the process, as a standard operating procedure, in order to determine problems, such as food allergies, and such. In addition, researchers should also obtain consent from participants before continuing the operation of the research process. This is one of the major responsibilities of the researcher as an advocate for human rights and dignity in terms of personal safety and wellbeing. In doing so, harm and catastrophes will be avoided. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) The third ethical issue concerning qualitative research is misrepresentations of information covered by the research study. Opportunities for misrepresentations will not make the research study valid and reliable, simply because its content is open to many interpretations and points of view. The purpose of the research process is to provide information that is clear and direct, stating facts that represent the preciseness of data. Misrepresentation defeats this purpose. This violates ethical standards and guidelines because misrepresentations hold risks and threats, especially if data or information is interpreted in the wrong way. (Gonzales-Perez, 2007) Imagine a research study focusing on health practices that will protect the safety and wellbeing of the patients. Suppose the research study concludes with suggestions that will assist health care professionals in caring for their patients. If the information is interpreted wrongly, health care professionals might commit mistakes that will endanger the lives of their patients. Abiding by ethical issues and considerations, when conducting qualitative research, is highly important. Following ethics in qualitative research determines the nature and quality of the results and the research itself – whether it is acceptable, conducted in good faith, and is beneficial to the public. Researcher should always keep in mind that they are highly responsible for the results, whether desirable or undesirable, that might arise from the research study. Therefore, following ethical standards and guidelines is a must in order to go about the research process in a correct, accurate, and appropriate way. Resources Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research. (2008). Retrieved October 18, 2008, from SA Health Info. Website: http://www. sahealthinfo. org/ethics/ethicsqualitative. htm Gonzales-Perez, M. A. (2007). Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from The Community Knowledge Initiative. Website: http://www. nuigalwaycki. ie/admin/documents/Ethical_Issues. pdf

Principles and Theories of ethics Essay

In their quest to seek for solutions on ethical issues, human beings have constantly been formulating theories. These theories form an important point from where any investigation should be launched. As people invent new ideas or even improve on the current existing ideas, more challenges and complications come up. This has been observed in the modern world where scientific advancement has seemed to dominate in every field of knowledge. Among these fields of scientific inventions is the medical field which many people have believed to reduce the mortality rate and at the same time increased the life expectancy among many people in the world. Despite all these, fertility rate has seemed to reduce among the people while the terminal illnesses have been rapidly increasing. It is this reason that many doctors and medical practitioners have joined hands to look for long lasting solutions to these problems. Some of these solutions have been unearthed, which include the use of stem cells in treating patients with these problems. This has however raised many questions especially on issues concerning ethical justifications. This paper therefore examines two of such works that were carried out by Dr Shroff and Dr. Kerkis as reported in articles entitled ‘mice have been used to make human sperm’ and ‘Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe’ respectively. (http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html ; http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors ) According to Rainbow C, there exist four principles of ethics. These include; least harm, justice beneficence and respect for autonomy. According to the principle to the principle of least harm, it is prudent to make a choice that will harm the least number of people. The choice made should also result to the least harm to the people involved. In the modern world, there are so many men who are willing to have children but unable because their sperms are not viable. According to the research, there is still hope for couples who experience such problems. The use of mice in production of human sperms therefore adheres to the principle of least harm and thus justices the use of mice in production of viable human sperms. The extraction of the dental pulp from teeth is however harmful but there harm is less as compared to the inability of a man to produce viable sperms. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The principle of justice on the other hand encourages actions that are fair to the concerned. Such a decision should be consistent and based on logic unless justified otherwise by existence of justified extenuating circumstances. In the case of mice and human sperm cells production, it should be noted that the men are first given the opportunity to try their best to get children in the natural way. Professional medical practitioners who exploit any other alternative of dealing with such a situation confirm their inability. The couples are finally given the chance to choose what is good for them and thus the use of mice is only for those who are willing. This therefore adheres to the principle of justice. Dr Kerkis has also made it clear that she first used stem cells from dental pulp that was extracted from ‘a male donor’. It therefore means that the process is justified by the adhearing to the principle of justice since the consent of the concerned was first sought. (http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm ; http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html) According to beneficence principle, people must do all that is seen to be good. Just like the utility principle, it is always advisable to maximize what is good and minimize the evil. It is very true to say that the greater the amounts of good that people do, the more the benefits. According to this principle, production of viable human sperm cells by mice will do well to those who are unable. Apart from improving the psychological health of the concerned, it will also strengthen family bonds that may otherwise be weakened by the inability to get children especially in those communities where children are highly valued as an important ingredient in a happy marriage. (http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html ) According to the principle of respect for autonomy, it is very important to ‘allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives ’. This is based on the fact that only an individual can understand why he/she chooses a particular lifestyle. Since every human being must be respected, any decision, especially that which involves intimate issues, must come from him. In order to do so, he must get enough information in the consequences and finally, his consent must be obtained. The reason is because every human being has hisher emotions and motivations that heshe understands from hisher own life experiences. It is the right for every person to lead a life style that he she actually enjoys in which the control over it is vested in hisher decision. It is however important to realize that there exists two perspectives of autonomy respects; paternalists and libertarians views. According to paternalistics, ‘an authority prioritizes a dependent person’s best interests over the dependent person’s wishes’. In the case of mice and human sperms, since the man is aware of his inability to produce viable sperms even though he may wish to have children, he has the freedom to choose to live without them. If he decides so and realizes more satisfaction without the children than using mice to produce viable sperms, he becomes libertarian. When his wife and medical practitioner convinces him to use mice to get children, the principle of autonomy is violated and he becomes a paternalistic since his wish may not be based on the use of mice in producing the viable sperms even though his interest is to get children. Libertarian perspective is therefore observed when the person’s wish is prioritized over hisher best interest. The person maintains hisher autonomy over hisher decision. (Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, pp. 42) In the case of stem cells treatment for the paralyzed man is Australia, the principle of least harm is violated since the extraction of the embryonic stem cells will cost the life of the unborn child irregardless of whether the concerned woman’s consent was given or not. Human life ideally begins after fertilization and it is wrong to deprive the unborn of its right to live in favor of a person who has already had the chance to be born. If such actions were to be encouraged, many people will never live to be born and this will cause more harm than treating the paralyzed people especially if Dr Shroff’s vision is to be realized as expressed by her hopes â€Å"her technology would be made available around the world to patients suffering from incurable diseases and terminal conditions. † Dr Shroff’s technology also contradicts the principle of justice. The fact that there are many incurable diseases and terminal conditions that may be cured using embryonic stem cells does not justify the act of depriving the unborn the right to life. It will therefore be an act of injustice to deprive the unborn of their right to life. The only extenuating circumstance should be when the woman’s pregnancy threatens the life of both the unborn and its mother. The doctor’s advice should be sought and any alternative exploited before the decision to terminate the pregnancy and donate the embryonic stem cells is arrived. It should be realized however that this would result to paternalistic autonomy. Dr Shroff’s technology will also violate the principle of beneficence. This is because the embryo will not benefit in any way from the act of donating its stem cells. The embryo itself cannot give permission to donate the stem cells. The principle of autonomy is not spared either. The patient may enjoy a paternalistic autonomy but the embryo, which is indeed a human being does not have autonomy to decide on whether to donate the stem cells or not . For a person to make any sound decision on any issue, the principles however form the basis of ethical themes. According to rainbow C, there are five major ethical theories. These include virtual ethical theory, deontological theory, casuist theory and utilitarianism ethical theory. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to virtual ethical theory, a person is not judged through his/her actions but through his/her character. An action may not necessary indicate a persons normal behavior since behavior and action are normally conflicting. It is however important to observe an individual’s reputation, motivation and morals while making any judgment on any behavior that may seem to be unusual, irregular or unethical. It should however be observed that any individuals change of character is not put into consideration in this theory. This theory justifies the use of embryonic stem cells in the treatment of paralyzed patients. The assumption is that the doctors and the medical practitioners who actually carry out the process of extracting and injecting the stem cells into his/her victims body are people who are trusted and socially approved by the members of the community. Their character justifies their actions and thus they should not be questioned about what they do as long as a patient’s life is saved. The act of extracting the embryonic stem cells cannot be used to prove the doctor as guilty of murder as long as his/her record of accomplishment in this profession of medicine is clean. According to Rainbow C, the society’s rights are ethically correct and must be protected and prioritized while making any decision. All societies’ rights are ethically valid because the majority in any society endorses them. Those who have the power and resources may bestow rights upon people. The society is therefore responsible for deciding on what should be considered as a society is right. The issue of mice producing viable human sperm cells may not be welcomed by many societies. This is because many people do not think that human beings and animals especially the mice can share sperm cells. A child produced by such sperms may be isolated from the other people and this may cause more suffering and harm to it than good. Termination of human life is also unacceptable in the society. This is evident in countries where Christianity is the dominant religion. If the use of contraceptives is criminalized in such societies, it is even worse to extract embryonic stem cells to treat paralyzed people or even those with terminal illnesses. In such societies, everybody has the right to live and those people who are already born should seek medication incase of any ailment but not to destroy a life in order to save themselves. (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to deontological theory, people’s obligation and duties that have been assigned to them should guide them in the process of solving ethical dilemmas. By so doing, the person is believed to have done what was ethically correct. Doctors should help sick people. In this case, sickness refers to any abnormal functioning or dysfunctional of any body organ. Those people who cannot produce viable sperm cells should seek medical attention and the doctors have a duty and obligation to ensure that such people can get children. The theory therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions. It is a doctor’s obligation to ensure that all incurable diseases and terminal conditions are adequately dealt with. The casuist ethical theory is based on the assumption that the current dilemma in question can be successfully solved in a similar way to previously solved dilemmas. This theory therefore compares the current ethical problem with past and similar ethical dilemmas that were successfully solved. It therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroff’s actions since their previous works as medical practitioners have been reported to bare good fruits. It however fails to acknowledge that a similar ethical dilemma may not have been witnessed before. (http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 ; http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The utilitarianism ethical theory supports any choice that produces the most benefit to most people. Such a choice is seen to be ethically correct. This theory therefore foresees the outcome of an act and judges it based on the benefits that are likely to accrue. There are two types of utilitarianism. These include act utilitarian and rule utilitarianism. According to rainbow c, â€Å" In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness. A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just means available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes beneficence at the same time† (http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) Two or more of these ethical theories should be combined in order to make the best ethical decision. For instance, I would solve Dr Kerkis dilemma by applying utilitarianism ethical theory, rights ethical theory and casuist ethical theory. I would also solve Dr Shroff’s ethical dilemma by applying rights ethical theory, utilitarianism ethical theory and virtue ethical theory. (http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html ) Conclusion All the ethical theories have common goals that must be achieved for them to be successful. These common goals are the previously discussed ethical principles. It is important to realize that different points are emphasized by the theories that help people to arrive at a decision that is ethically correct. Different people usually use ethical theories in a different way depending on their individual experiences. The theories and principles of ethics lay a good foundation of analyzing actions since they guide people in making ethical decisions. This means that whether Dr Kerkis and/or Dr Shroff are justified or not to proceed with their work or not depends on which principle as well as the ethical theory an individual bases his /her ethical analysis. References Rainbow C, Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles, [Retrieved] 8th August, 2008, [From] http://www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm Lancaster University, Ethical theories [Retrieved] 4th August, 2008. [From] http://www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm Ethical theories compared http://www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html relations between utilitarian, deontological, and Aristotelian ethical theories Lawrence M. Hinman, Introduction: A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory Excerpted from: Lawrence M. Hinman, Contemporary Moral Issues, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1999). Ethical theories [Retrieved] 1st August 2008, [From] http://courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html Ethical Theories, Principles, and Decision-Making Models, [Retrieved] 3rd August, 2008 [From] http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research: Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research, SAGE. Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe http://www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html Perth now Sunday times, July 7th, Mice to replace men as sperm donors http://search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors

How Augustine accounts for the existence of evil Essay Example

How Augustine accounts for the existence of evil Essay Example How Augustine accounts for the existence of evil Paper How Augustine accounts for the existence of evil Paper Augustine started from the assumption that God is God holy good and that God created a world free from defects. Following the teaching in genesis 1, Augustine emphasised that all God has made pleased Him. Suffering and evil were therefore unknown. He made the logical point that it is not possible for God to be responsible for evil since evil is not a substance. Instead evil refers to what is lacking in a thing; it is a privation of good. Augustine used the analogy of blindness which is not an entity in itself but an absence of sight. If God can not have created evil, Augustine traced its origin to those areas within the world that have free will, namely, angels and human beings. These abused Gods gift of freedom and chose wilfully to turn their attention away from God, the supreme good, and to idolise instead lesser goods. In keeping with the story of the fall in genesis 3, he argued that the desire for power proved too much for Adam and Eve, who were tempted by Satan, to break Gods command and eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge. Having explained the origin of evil, Augustine went on to show that all suffering is a fully deserved consequence of human sin. Natural evil originated from the loss of order within nature following the first sin. This destroyed the delicate balance of the world. From then on, there was to be enmity between humans and other creatures. Humans would have to battle constantly to grow enough food. Pain, such as that resulting from child-birth, entered the world, along with death. The first sin also caused the world to be distanced from god. In this new ad damaged environment, remote from god, moral evil flourished and spread. Both types of evil are interpreted as a punishment; all evil is either sin or punishment for sin. Augustine made the essential point that all humans, including innocent babies, deserve to suffer as all humans were present in the loins of Adam. This reflects the ancient belief that every generation was seminally present in Adam, and therefore that every generation is guilty because they inherit his guilt for disobeying god. Augustine concluded this theodicy with a reminder of gods grace if god was simply just every one would go to their rightful punishment in hell. Through his grace however, god sent his son to die on the cross so that some might be saved and go to heaven. This shows that god is merciful as well as just. Augustines view that evil is the result of human free will rather than gods will can be supported. For example, we can argue that if god gives human beings genuine free will this necessarily entails the possibility of moral evil. Augustines theodicy successfully accounts for the existence of natural evil as a result of the introduction for moral evil into the world. We can also support Augustines assumptions that free will is so valuable that it justifies the risk of evil. Because of its compatibility with, and reliance upon, the genesis account of creation, Augustines theodicy appeals to Christians who accept the authority of the bible as the word of god. Some weaknesses of the theodicy are that it has been argued that his theodicy contains; logical errors, scientific errors, and moral errors. Augustines appeal to the free will defence poses a logical difficulty within the specific framework of his theodicy. It is hard to see how, in a perfect world, where there was no knowledge of good and evil, there could possibly be freedom to obey or disobey god, since good and evil would be unknown. The fact that gods creatures chose to disobey him seems to suggest there was already a knowledge of evil which only could have come from god. The scientific difficulties stem from Augustines reliance upon the creation and fall stories in genesis. As a result, much of the arguement rests upon ancient and scientifically controversial Judaeo-Christian theology. One problem is Augustines idea that the world was made perfect by god and then damaged by humans. This contradicts evolutionary theory which asserts that the universe has continually been developing from an earlier stage of chaos. The second major weakness concerns Augustines assumption that each human being was seminally present in Adam. This theory must be rejected on biological grounds which mean that we are not in fact guiltily for Adams sin. This means that god is not just in allowing us to suffer for someone elses sin. One moral difficulty in Augustines theodicy concerns his concept of hell. Hell appears to b part of the design of the universe. This means god must have already anticipated that the world would go wrong and have accepted it. Finally, although Augustine argued that gods selection of some people for heaven shows his mercy, other would argue that it displays irrational inconsistency, further questioning gods goodness. The combined effect of these criticisms leads most people to concluded that Augustines theodicy does not work.

The 11 Best Architecture Schools for Undergrads

The 11 Best Architecture Schools for Undergrads SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you love studying buildings and dream of spending your career designing them? If so, you’re probably wondering where to get the best architecture education. Figuring out which architecture schools are best can be difficult, but we’ve done the hard work and compiled a list of the 11 best undergraduate architecture schools in the United States. Each of these best schools for architecture has a description that explains what makes it an excellent program, and we also include a list of questions to ask yourself to help you decide which is the best architecture school for you. What Is an Architecture School? Why Would You Want to Attend One? For this article, we defined an architecture school as one that offered a Bachelor of Architecture degree (B.Arch), which is the minimum degree required to become an architect. However, there are actually several different architecture degrees, though you will need either a Bachelor or Master of Architecture to work as an architect. The minimum degree to work as an architect is a Bachelor of Architecture. These programs are usually five years (rather than the four years it takes to earn most other undergrad degrees), and by the end of it you’ll have the coursework and experience you need to pass the Architecture Registration Exam and begin work as an architect. Architecture majors learn about architectural theory, construction methodology, drafting, and structural design, among other topics. Some schools also offer Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degrees in Architecture. These four-year programs also teach you about the basics of architecture, but, on their own, they don’t provide enough coursework or work experience for you to begin working as an architect. Some students get these degrees because they want more of a liberal arts education for undergrad, because they want to work in the architecture field but not as an architect, or because they couldn’t get into a Bachelor of Architecture program but want to be well-prepared for a Master of Architecture degree. If you don’t have a Bachelor of Architecture, another way to become an architect is to get a Master of Architecture degree. Master of Architecture programs typically take one to three years, depending on how much background you have in architecture. How Did We Come Up With This List of the Best Schools for Architecture? You should never treat any list of school rankings- including this one- as an absolute truth. Instead, you can use lists as a starting point to learn about schools you may potentially be interested in. To create our ranking of the best schools for architecture, we took four factors into consideration: Resources for Architecture Students:There’s been a lot of innovation in architecture and architectural tools in the past few years, so we gave extra points to schools that kept pace with the current technology and gave students access to cutting-edge architecture programs and resources. Class Options:There are certain core classes every architecture student needs to take, but the best schools provide a wide range of courses beyond these so you have the ability to focus on areas that are of most interest to you. Hands-On Opportunities:Not only is having professional experience under your belt before you graduate a huge boost when you start applying for jobs, it’s required for you to pass your licensing exam. The best schools make it easy for you to get the experience you need, whether that’s requiring an internship as part of the coursework, providing networking opportunities to help you find jobs, and/or including hands-on components in their coursework. Alumni/Prestige:This is a more subjective factor, but a school that is known for having an outstanding architecture program and producing well-known alumni can make it easier for you to get a job after you graduate. The 11 Best Architecture Schools for Undergraduates Here’s our list of the 11 best architecture schools in the US for undergrads. Exact ranking is always a bit subjective, so look at this list as more of a trend from the very best colleges with architecture majors to those that are still really good, rather than trying to figure out why #2 is ranked higher than #3. All of these programs are accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board. #1: Cornell University Cornell’s architecture program is one of the oldest in the United States, which means it has a large network of alumni and research that students can make use of. Well-known architects who graduated from Cornell include Richard Meier (who designed the Getty Center in Los Angeles) and Peter Eisenman (who founded the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City). Academically, Cornell's architecture students follow the same core architecture curriculum for the first three years, which gives students the comprehensive knowledgethey need while still allowing students to take elective courses from across the university.In their final two years, students concentrate on one of five areas of study, which include:Architecture, Culture, and Society; Architectural Science and Technology; History of Architecture; Architectural Analysis; and Visual Representation in Architecture. The architecture program at Cornell gives students the chance to work and/or study in the program’s NYC and Rome locations in addition to the school’s main campus in Ithaca, New York. Because of the architecture program’s reputation as a top school, students graduating from the program are often in high demand, especially for jobs in New York City, where the school has numerous connections. #2: Rice University Rice is well-known for its top-notch architecture programs, and with a studentto faculty ratio of 5:1, you’re guaranteed personal attention during your studies.Architecture undergrads at Rice enroll in a six-year program. The first four years are spent getting a Bachelor of Arts in Architecture degree. This is a liberal arts degree, and it gives you the opportunity to take classes in a variety of subjects during your first four years. This is great if you want to combine your architecture study with another area, and Rice encourages this with a lot of interdisciplinary study. The architecture school works closely with many other schools and departments at Rice, including business, engineering, and environmental science. After four years, you’ll spend another two years studying exclusively architecture, at the end of which you’ll receive a second degree, a Bachelor of Architecture, which allows you to work as an architect. Students spend one year of this program as paid employees at architecture firms around the world, which is a fantastic way to get experience and make professional connections. #3: California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Cal Poly’s Architecture Department has multipleprograms in architecture, so you can focus on a specific area of interest to you. Its architecture department is one of the biggest in the country, and about one in twenty architects in the US (and one in five in California) graduated from Cal Poly, which means there are tons of alumni connections to be had. That's especially useful because Cal Poly offers a co-operative learning option for sophomore, junior, and senior students that allows them to earn course credit while working a paid job in an architecture-related field! Additionally, Cal Poly offersstudents the option to spend part of a year studying in Europe, Asia, or other cities in the United States. #4: Syracuse University Syracusewas the first school in the country to offer a bachelor of architecture degree, and since then it has established itself as a top architecture school. Due to its reputation, Syracuse's School of Architectureis able to get many well-known architects to give lectures at the school in addition to classes taught by its exemplary faculty. Although located in upstate New York, the School of Architecture has several working and teaching spaces in New York City for students to study the architecture of America’s largest city. There’s also a strong study abroad program, and most students spend at least a semester studying at Syracuse’s centers in Florence or London. #5: University of Notre Dame Notre Dame’s School of Architecture emphasizes both classical architecture and urbanism. Furthermore, all architecture students are required to participate in the school’s Rome Studies Program in Rome where undergrads spend a year learning about classical architecture. In fact, Notre Dame is the only school in the United States to require architecture students to spend part of the program abroad which ensures all students have a more global understanding of architecture. Furthermore, Notre Dame's architecture programs are known for their commitment to fundamentals, so much so thatcomputer-based modeling isn't introduced until students' fourth year of study!That's not to say that the program is stuck in the past. Notre Dame’s architecture school also emphasizes designing new buildings that are sustainable, long-lasting, and contribute to the livability of an area. #6: Virginia Tech Virginia Tech's College of Architecture and Urban Studies is one of the largest architecture schools in the United States. The architecture and urban studies program has over 2,000 students and offers 13 bachelors degrees, including a B.Arch. The school's main campus is in Blacksburg, Virginia, and it also has additional campuses in Alexandria, Virginia, and Riva San Vitale, Switzerland. In their fourth year, B.Arch students have opportunities for off-campus study (which can include classes, internships, or a combination of the two), and the fifth year is spent doing an independentdesign investigation which serves as the basis of the undergrad thesis. st #7: Rhode Island School of Design RISD is widely regarded as one of the top design schools in the world, and its architecture program is similarly well regarded. The school approaches architecture from a unique perspective, too. Because the Rhode Island School of Design is an internationally-renowned fine arts and design school, the architecture department combines avisual and humanities-based education with itsprofessional curriculum.This allows students to approach complex architectural problems with a fresh perspective, and graduates from RISD are well known for their creative problem-solving approaches. #8: Pratt Institute The Pratt Instituteputs a unique stamp on the Bachelor of Architecture degree through its commitment to exploring technological frontiers. Additionally, Pratt offersa variety of courses for concentrated study. It's most unique offering is its Morphology concentration, which studies form through a combination of mathematics,computation, fabrication, construction, and emerging technologies.(How cool is that?) The Pratt Institute prides itself on combining imagination with anethical approach to architecture that creates a new generation of culturally aware, socially responsible architects. #9: University of Texas at Austin The School of Architecture at UT Austin has a large number of resources available for students. These include the Center for Sustainable Development, which studies the environment, economics, and social issues to better design buildings that are both aestheticallypleasing and also have a positive impact on the environment and social equality. There's also libraries, archives, conservation labs, and research spaces on campus for architecture students to use. UT Austin's School of Architecture encourages international experiences, and they offer scholarships for some of the many study abroad programs architecture students can participate in. These range from studying pre-Columbian buildings in Mexico to touring modern infrastructure in Europe. Students must also complete a six-month professional residency to gain work experience before they graduate. #10: University of Southern California Students at USC's School of Architecturehave access to an entire 50,000 square feet of workspace, including classrooms, research spaces, galleries, labs, workshops, and design studios. Every architecture student at USC also has 24/7 access to their own personal workstation where they can work on their projects whenever they want. Many famous architects have graduated from USC including Frank O. Gehry (whose work included the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao), Boris Dramov (who designed the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial), and Paul Revere Williams (who designed the homes of numerous Hollywood celebrities). #11:Cooper Union Cooper Union has been training the nation's top architects for more than 150 years, so students can rest assured that they'll be getting a great education. Cooper Union does this through specializing in art, architecture, and engineering (much like the Rhode Island School of Design specializes in...well,design).Because they focus on a narrow set of interrelated disciplines, Cooper Union offers its students a rigorous, in-depth course of study that teaches architectureas a combination of technical skill, cultural awareness, artistry, and technological advancement. How to Choose the Best Architecture School for You Just because a school has a top-ranked architecture major doesn’t automatically mean it’s the best school for you. If you want to major in architecture, ask yourself the following your questions to ensure you’re applying to the best architecture schools for you. #1: Do They Have the Program You’re Interested In? As stated above, there are several different architecture degrees, and your first step when researching a school should be to make sure they have the one you’re interested in.If you want a Bachelor’s of Architecture so you can start working as an architect right after undergrad, a school that only offers a Bachelor of Arts in Architecture isn’t going to be the best choice for you, no matter how great its program is. #2: Does Their Focus or Specialty Match Yours? Some architecture programs have specialties in areas such as sustainable design, urban design, or classical architecture. They may also have more internship opportunities or alumni in certain cities. Your exact interests don’t absolutely need to match with those of the school you want to attend, but it can make your studies more interesting and tailored to what you want to learn. #3: What Hands-On Opportunities Do They Offer? The best architecture schools offer hands-on learning opportunities for students to really learn what architects do, and you should make sure the opportunities the school you’re interested in offer match with what you want to do. Some schools offer experience in big cities, some have international programs, some require a year-long internship to graduate. Think about what which options seem best to you, and make sure to choose a school that offers what you want. #4: How Do You Like the Rest of the School? Even though you’re an architecture major, you won’t be attending the architecture program in a bubble, so it’s important to learn about the rest of the school. Look into what the dorms are like, what clubs and organizations the school offers, and what things there are to do off-campus. Taking a tour of the school can also help you get a good idea of if the school is right for you. What's Next? What other factors go into choosing a college? If you’re wondering which college you should attend, check out this guide on how to choose! Will you be applying for financial aid? This comprehensive guide takes you through the FAFSA application process, step by step. Liked this list of schools? Check out some of our other best-of-specialty-school lists, including the best engineering schools, best video game design schools, best journalism schools, and best creative writing schools. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: