Commanding Heights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commanding Heights - Essay Example I am in agreement with Keynes that during the time after World wars and depression as many folks were in desperate poverty and had to unite to build nations. However, am in disagreement with Keynes when he states that the disadvantage of free market is the extremism, which he stated could be countered by government interventions. However, these interventions are orthodox considering how US president Nixon compromised when he introduced wage and price control leading to collapse and deterioration of the economy. This is also one of the reasons why Payeks argued that central planned economy would give governments much power leading to totalitarianism which is detrimental to the economy (tanmovie1234s channel). Socialism system has the benefit of ensuring the poor a decent life through fair and equitable sharing of resources among the people, but, on the other hand, free market brings about opportunities through which they can increase their living standards. However, irrespective Payeks idea of free market, there is need for the government to control the industries and business because in case of monopolies they should be monitored to avoid exploitation. Moreover, in a competitive economy facilitated by free market, there may bring about unhealthy competition which will be at the peril of the consumers or citizens. I am in agreement with Van Misses who was in support of free market and argued that socialism economy lacked the price system that governed the demand and supply that dictates the prices of commodities, which lead to chaos and ultimately economic crisis. Irrespective of these arguments for or against both socialism and free market systems, I have come to learn that history repeats itself irrespective of the system implemented. This is considering the 2008 economic crisis and stock market collapse similar to that of October 24, 1929. Therefore, every economic system has its advantages and disadvantages,

Globalization & new trend Essay Example for Free

Globalization new trend Essay Globalization is the hip and new trend when the discussion focuses on certain social aspects like technology, economy, business, commerce, media, entertainment, sports and communication. This is owed generally to the impact of globalization to the way individuals live in the modern day, 21st century world. Globalization is the idea that individuals can reach each other despite geographical and other boundaries that made globalization impossible before and kept life strictly local or regionalized. With the entry of the trend of globalization, the world has embraced a new concept of the world which is now closely interlinked, countries acting like small communities that houses citizens that can freely interact with citizens of another countries in real time despite the thousand miles of separation and the difference in time zones. Many believed that globalization is generally a good idea – viewers in China can watch the National Basketball Association Finals game real time, while students in Pakistan, Australia and Greenland can talk with each other simultaneously via the use of the Internet. Banking became flexible and ceased to be country-centric, and trade and commerce saw a bigger opened door that pitted international and local businessmen in a toe-to-toe battle since globalization in trade and commerce commenced. But not all of the effects of the globalization is viewed as a very positive spin on things. Everyone has caught the globalization bug, and to make sure that they do not get left behind, the street gangs of the United States of America has also stepped up and made important restructuring steps to ensure that the operation of their specific gangs transcends localized action. The street gangs of the US has gone global, and why not? As much as it is a peer group that grows because of the fulfilment of what street gangs promises to provide its members, affiliates and partners in a personal level (affinity, protection, a sense of belonging and brotherhood, etc), these same street gangs of US are also thriving because of their role in local (and now, global) albeit sometimes illegal economy. What does it mean to have a US street gang globalized? It does not directly mean that these gangs establish branches outside of US territory, say for example, Crips-China or Bloods-South Korea: this idea is at worst preposterous since the very core idea of the formation of street gangs is the creation of a self imposed fiefdom over a particular neighbourhood which they consider as their turf, the seat of their power. The creation of branches or extensions in other places or other countries will make these loosely structured gangs akin to the rigid structuring of legitimate fraternities, which they are from. While it is not far fetched that the idea of branching out happened to any of the street gangs in the US sooner or later, the globalization of these gangs is not merely defined or limited using this particular precept: they become globalized once their ‘operation’ ceases to be limited to localized action, distribution and supply pipeline construction; they become globalized when they maximize and utilize any and all available technology so that they connect with other gangs and similar entities across the globe; they become globalized when their existence becomes a part of pop culture or socially shared common knowledge even in places they haven’t even been before, due mainly to the role of mass media and how gangs are always included in entertainment materials beamed and telecast in different parts of the world, introducing them to this kind of social strata; they become globalized when their status improves to that of global prestige and renown. Klein (2001) supports the thinking of the natural course of pattern of growth of local US street gangs going outward, saying that we have exported our American street gang culture abroad and adding that there are Crips in the Netherlands and that the particular forms of European gangs seem similar to those to be found in the United States (pg 237). These copycat street gangs followed the same US street gang roles in their own countries, doing their part in their part of the world while US street gangs did theirs in America. Schaeffer (2002) said that foreign mafias were based close to drug supplies but far from US government prosecutors. This meant they were better placed to obtain drugs and evade the law, particularly since government authority was weak in their host countries. There were also able to establish connections with young, aggressive street gangs based in US immigrant communities (pg 356). The Triggers of Globalization – Like all of the other aspects of life affected by the entry of globalization, these street gangs did not just go global by itself; instead there were external triggers that acted as catalyst towards the change that these gangs experienced from being local entities to global participants. The triggers prompted the change; they allowed the gang members to see the potential and possibility of going global, in effect selling the idea of globalisation to these groups and enforcing the compulsory change at the same time. Some of these triggers include internet, telecommunications infrastructure, music, written media and movies. More and more people are becoming more cognizant of these gangs and how they work, and many impressionable kids who want to emulate the characteristics of the gang members utilize the internet for information. Even the amount of related literature available about US street gangs is voluminous, owing to the fact that street gangs and their lives and actions has been intensively chronicled by news as well as academic studies resulting to written works published both via the Internet and traditionally. Even in popular movies, music videos and television shows, US street gangs have already earned a niche as a particular group present in the modern day setting. These allowed the US street gangs to earn international notoriety and fame, and at the same time advertise themselves to the worldwide audience. At some point, these tools blew the US street gangs out of the proportion – they were overrated but criminal organizations put them inside their operations, and the resulting globalized popularity made law enforcement efforts versus street gangs in the country more stringent and strict. Conclusion – Globalization is a freight train that bumps off anyone that stands in the way, and street gangs in the US will not be exempted from the impact of globalization. Not that these gangs considers this as a bad thing to happen to them; its just that globalization imposed itself upon these gangs and not the other way around, globalization dictating the terms to which street gangs made itself amenable too, in exchange for effects that made US street gangs see more than one reason to thank globalization. Something happened to US street gangs, and that is globalization, and like any other social aspect affected by globalization, the US street gangs are changing and metamorphosing – for one, they are far from the ethos of old-school street gangs which exist solely to establish and maintain their fiefdom and establish a social status quo to their liking, particularly those under the blanket of underground and subculture worlds where sin and city merges. Now, street gangs are more business minded; they make themselves effective business entities not by power dressing nor by publicity campaign, but by the use of the only remnant of the old street gang type, a feature still found in the new and globalized street gang – violence, raw power and intimidation. The neighbourhood is now not merely a place they fight for group pride and bragging rights; it has become more important to them because it is an important section of the global pipeline to which their operation and existence depend, may it be drugs, counterfeit money, small arms, black market technology, intelligence, prostitutes, automobiles, gambling etc. Looking at the history of street gangs, it is quite predictable that such international networks would be developed sooner or later, and it is found in the very nature of the creation of street gangs. Going back to the time when the US is still starting to become a new place in the world where people can live, many different individuals with varying ethnicities and cultural background flocked the country. Naturally, there will be groups that will be dominant over the other, and there will be minority groups whose members will soon try to assimilate with those of their own ‘kind’. These are a fairly tribal instinct. Soon, the disharmony that exists between the ruling majority and the minority will become intolerable that a new group will try (and will either succeed or fail) in usurping the former majority group. This will be the cycle inside the society, and those who will grow up will find these affiliations necessary for self preservation. This is the formula that created all African-American street gangs, all Latino street gangs, all Chinese-American street gangs, all Japanese-American street gangs, etc. Soon, these groups with lineage in other countries beside America will be reconnected with their home country, and being American-Japanese, American-Chinese, and American-Mexican allows for the creation of a connection between these two countries. What the street gangs do in the US will be offered in the country where they have an affiliation to (i. e. the Latin Kings participating in drugs, guns and prostitution operations undertaken by Mexican or even Colombian crime lords, the street gangs acting as pawns and small, localized lords representing big, transnational criminal organizations). Even the transformation is natural; street gangs is as much a separate and independent type of social group as it is an integral part in the growth and regression phases of criminal groups that were once street gangs that become powerful criminal organizations and regressed back to becoming small, street gangs. Huff (1996) comments, For decades, very few gangs have evolved from adolescent street gangs into adult criminal organizations (pg 74), while for Repetto (2006), these groups have the tendency sooner or later to experience regressing from sophisticated criminal cartels back to street gangs (pg 9). References: Reppetto, Thomas. (2006). Bringing Down the Mob: The War Against the American Mafia. Henry Holt Company, Incorporated. Ronald, Huff C. (1996). Gangs in America. University of Michigan. Sage Publications. Ronald , Huff C. (November 2001). Gangs in America III. SAGE Publications. Schaeffer, Robert K. (January 2002). Understanding Globalization: The Social Consequences of Political, Economic, and Environmental Change. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Alike or Different Essay Example for Free

Alike or Different Essay We can try and change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on makeup, wearing different clothes, jewellery, etc. But it’s not just a case of appearance, but it also involves the person underneath that mask everyone tries to hide behind. Nobody has ever tried to look at the person underneath before judging them. It’s just ego that stands in the way. What will the result be when people are stripped of all their accessories, when that mask is removed? What we get is a rollercoaster of emotions. Things that people can never guess are hidden underneath. And that’s yet another similarity, which makes mistaken judgment also put into account. Feelings are also something to look at. For example, people do get happy, angry and sad in different situations, but everyone still gets those emotions at times, regardless of reason. And everyone goes through the same life cycle, how they’re born, turn to children, then the teenage, middle aging comes after, then being old, and finally death. Everyone will face death someday. And everyone is made by God, and made of the same materials, as some believe. Everyone eats and breathes, everyone has the five senses, nobody can live without a vital organ, and no one can have supernatural powers. And these are all similarities. * A lot more people don’t believe in that saying, they believe that people differ in a lot of things, and the things that they have in common with others can be looked at from a different angle, making them into another difference. For example, everyone is a human being, but everyone is a different kind of human being, depending on personality, looks, and abilities. And the fact that everyone has a dream that is to be fulfilled can also be a difference, like everyone has a different dream and a different goal for the future. As for the life, everyone does have a life, but it depends on how they live it, and how everyone uses it that makes a difference. Besides, some people are born to have the personality to be good leaders, and others have the power and will to work hard in what they’re good at, while others don’t treasure their abilities, and instead they use it for their own good, to get the better out of things, while they cause hurt to everyone else around them. That’s an example of being and not being able to be a useful person, to not use life wisely, and another way why people are different. Some believe that people differ in how they look (both on the outside and the inside), how they react to things around them, their personality, beliefs, ethics and religions. What can also count as a difference is how everyone is raised, what they’re taught to believe, where and when they were born and who they lived with. People often adopt habits from those they live with, which can sometimes be good, and sometimes be bad. That can make a lot of differences compared to someone who was born rich, lived rich, and died rich. Another way of looking at things is people’s appearance. Some people really care about how they look, and always try to look their best at times. Some wouldn’t give that subject a second thought. Some do care, but not so much. And that’s related to both personality and physical appearance. Language spoken is also a difference. And the fact that some of us can do something that others can’t, which comes down to ability. Furthermore sometimes people have disabilities that others don’t have. Sometimes there are illnesses and diseases that run in families, and some inherit that disease and some don’t, which is another difference. If we try and list these differences they will not have an end, and just thinking would take long too. So it’s not a case of what is the same and what can be different, it’s just how people think about things in their own point of view. So regardless of what there is that can be used as an argument, and however we think the ones who think the opposite are wrong, and no matter which angle we use look at things, it all goes back to opinion, and opinions are very important. And my opinion stays the same, but what about yours? And what’s more important is to reason why we look at things from that point of view, and if we really are being fair, or if we are just judging others by what we think of them, and how we think of them. And most importantly, are we really being fair, or do we just think we are?

Sikh Culture and Community in New Zealand

Sikh Culture and Community in New Zealand Davinder Kumar  Ã‚   The title of my analytical report is Sikhism. It related with the whole Punjabis people which lives in the New Zealand. Sikhism community provides some basic needs of Punjabi community like social help, health related help and employment services. The main purpose of my analytical report is making our community better and make some changes in our community, create new plans which is more helpful to our Sikhism community. With the help of this report we try to find out some problems which related to health, economic, social and culture, education of Punjabis. Also, find the good solutions for solve these types of problems. Because its all about the good development of our Punjabi community. I take some youngsters, old Punjabi people, children, other culture peoples whose interested within the Punjabi culture as an audience. After taking the audience our Sikhism community shared with the visions and values with them and told them about our communitys policies, government policies with all rules and regulation and asked the audience give us to your feedback about our Sikhism community. The scope of our analytical report is providing all kind help to all people whos interested in Punjabis culture. Our main scopes are providing Punjabi languages classes for interested people, solving jobs problems for international students and solved the economic and social problems. Sikhism planning some goals to achieve with this report: Give knowledge to Punjabis about Sikh culture. Making good relationship between New Zealand government and Punjabis with giving information about how to live in New Zealand, Follow the all rules and regulations etc. Leading the importance of Punjabi education and providing the best skills to our Punjabi people. The Punjabi people will be able to benefit support services such as fitness programs, music classes and health clinic. We want to involve youth membership for knowing about how to get in touch with our Punjabi community and how we provide social and economic services to find their purpose in life. Information to collect Methods intended to use Approval Via email and phone Information related to organisation Websites Skills Internet Structure Internet Public opinion Members According to my collected information and the method intended to use for collecting the information. The all information related with my organization. I have search a lot how we can provide better services to people and impact of the influences on the internet and external influence. I am also getting information about the Punjabis social, economic, health and culture. This information is collected from the Sikhisms website and some information get from another internet websites. Sikhism makes a plan with the help of the analytical report for solving the big problems which related with Punjabis education, culture, economic, social and health factors. Sikhism community wants to leading and following the all rules and regulation which made by New Zealand government, it will help to manage the good relationship between government and Punjabis. we are also wants to provide a good education to our Punjabi people, as well as opportunities, after getting the better education they will know about the Punjabis history and after getting the opportunities the Punjabis will be able to get health facilities, also social and economic facilities. The first Sikhism community developed in year 1964 in New Zealand, in Hamilton. Then the second community developed in Otahuhu in 1986. This report shows about some problems facing by the Punjabi peoples related with the social, economic, health, study, occupation and culturally and some demonstrates how some Punjabi business can be placed through our services. needs of Punjabi community. Nowadays, our company is also considered as a role model for other companies. Our company also provide shelter to the homeless people. Our main aim is to fulfill the basic needs of Punjabi community. Because from recent years we have seen many skills and interest. To explore their skills our company is doing many efforts we are providing many facilities to them for example education like Sikhism community is providing the Punjabi languages classes to those people who interested to learn Punjabi language. On the other hand, Sikhism community provide jobs for Punjabi people who live in the New Zealand . The Sikhism community available in the all Sikh temples which is in the New Zealand. So, every person can have connected with the Sikhism community easily. Sikhism community is one of the best community for Punjabi people. Our community serve the people by providing them free food and shelter. Our company also arrange many camps and welfare programs to solve their problems our company not only solve the problem of Sikh people we also welcome every people from any religion. Our company provide all information to people related to health, culture, social and economic. We also conduct many surveys to know the roots of problem which they are facing. Our staff also help the people to get job they train them. Everyone can ask freely their problems to the Sikhism communitys people and they will help to solve the problem. Sikhism provides the free food for all people at the Sikh temples and at any time people can go to Sikh temples and eat food. There are many people in New Zealand who cannot buy food for them self so they can go to Sikh temples for eating food. There are many community partners who help for running the community services with money and other useful things. Sikhism community collaboration with many community partners, shares a vision, history, roots of Punjabi culture and interaction of values and protocols in Punjabi culture. We have many Punjabis family who work in our community and there are many other people like kiwis, Fiji Indians and from another religion. In this report, we find some issues and problems of Punjabi people regarding with the health, economic, culture and jobs. We also find those people who interested for learning the Punjabi language. In this modern era, New Zealand is developing fast day by day with the technology and other different methods. So, there are many changes occurring in the life style of Punjabis according to their regular basics needs related to the Punjabi culture, health, social and economic issues and education also. As we find some other problems like some Punjabi people are very poor they cannot manage their children school fees with their salary. So, we provide a free education for those children. Some Punjabi people are week from their economically condition, while some have a not job for earning money for buy their daily basics needs. They were struggling due to the school fees are very expensive and their income is very low. So, how they can afford the medical and educational cots including cost of the daily food and travelling. We also find out there are not whole Punjabi people stuck in these type of problems, but there are many homeless Punjabis in the Auckland. So, Sikhism community provide the residence for those homeless people in the Sikh temple and food as well. Our community arrange meetings every week for discuss about how to helps the poor and homeless people. Sikhism community also provide jobs for jobless people in this way those people can afford school fees for their children, money for buy daily basics. Punjabi people can get some social helps from our company to make their economically strong. We planning for making the new site for people where they can me et Sikhism community members and they share their every problem with the members and experience. Also, making some health center for those people. There is some external factor which effects form outside the organization and our Sikhism community work according with these external factors- Rules and regulation Our community members work according to the company rules and regulation and also follow the rule and regulation which is set by the New Zealand government. We didnt share with anyone the peoples personal information and problems. Public opinion- firstly, we taking public opinion then we discuss about those ideas and at the end we will take set regarding their problems. Technology- we have a good and updated technology which help to keeps the all records about the people and we also provide new technology to those children which are learning in Sikhism community. Sikhism community work according some internal factors- Employees Strength: The employees are very important part for every company. If employee are goods in one company so the company running good and better otherwise if the members are bad so those company cant growth properly. Financial System: Financial system is also important in every community if any community have good financial supporter they will give good services to the people. And Sikhism community have a many Punjabi financial supporters which gives the money for running the community. At the end, In my opinion say Punjabis have many problems related to the social, economic, homeless and education. Sikhism community provide good services for these people it is good. They provide lots of the services like education, health clinic, homes, foods and jobs also. The good thing is every people can go to the Sikh temple and get these facilities. I want to suggest some things like Sikhism community should make more good relationship with the New Zealand government to getting the economic help for running the community and in this way the government can understand the all Punjabi peoples problems. They should more better services and training to their staff members for solving the other people problems easily and in better way. They should share the all reports with their staff members and with those people who give financial support to the community in the meeting because in this way the community system running better. Sikhism community should also keep ready to solve every problem and get up to date with new technology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand www.google.com/sikhism www.sikhism.co.nz

Sacrifice in A Tale of Two Cities Essay -- Charles Dickens

New Wark or New York A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is a story of great sacrifices being made for the sake of principle. There are many examples of this throughout the book made by many of the characters but some or more evident than others. In Book The First, entitled â€Å"Recalled to Life,† the most obvious sacrifice for the sake of principle was made by Dr. Manette. He is imprisoned for eighteen years in the Bastille, for no apparent reason. Another noticeable sacrifice made for the sake of principle was made in Book The Second, entitled â€Å"The Golden Thread,† also by Dr. Manette. Charles Darnay reveals the truth about himself and about his family history. He tells Dr. Manette his real identity and that he is heir to the Marquis St. Evremonde. In Book The Third, entitled â€Å"The Track of a Storm,† Sydney Carton makes an astounding sacrifice for the sake of principle when he fulfills his promise to Lucie Manette, his true love, that he will one day sacrifice himself for the person whom Lucie loves. In â€Å"Recalled to Life,† Dr. Manette makes a very great sacrifice for the sake of principle. â€Å"All through the cold and restless interval, until dawn, they once more whispered in the ears of Mr. Jarvis Lorry-sitting opposite the buried man who had been dug out, and wondering what subtle powers were for ever lost to him, and what were capable of restoration-the old inquiry: ‘I hope you care to be recalled to life?’ And the old answer: ‘I can’t say.’"(45). Dr. Manette is imprisoned in the French Bastille for eighteen years by the cruel French government and unknown to him those many years of pain and suffering serve as a great sacrifice in the eyes of the Revolutionists. He is recalled to life from the time he served when he meets Lu... ...ille. Another conspicuous sacrifice made for the sake of principle was made in Book The Second, also by Dr. Manette. Darnay revealed the truth about himself and about his family history. He lets Dr. Manette know his true identity and that he is the nephew to the Marquis St. Evremonde. In Book The Third, Sydney Carton makes an astonishing sacrifice for the sake of principle when he fulfills his promise to Lucie Manette, his true love, that he will one day sacrifice himself for the person whom Lucie loves. All of the above sacrifices were made with the intention of keeping morals and principles high in human life. Whether it is your life or your feelings towards someone, we have learned that it is always better to give for the greater cause. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Ed. Fred Kaplan and Sylvà ©re Monod. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2001.

Sympathy in Medea, Aeneid, Metamorphoses, Orlando Furioso, and Hamlet :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Sympathy in Medea, Aeneid, Metamorphoses, Orlando Furioso, and Hamlet  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Euripedes tugs and pulls at our emotions from every angle throughout The Medea. He compels us to feel sympathy for the characters abused by Medea, yet still feel sympathy for Medea as well. These conflicting feelings build a sense of confusion and anxiety about the unfolding plot. In the beginning, the Nurse reveals the recent background events that have caused Medea so much torment: "She herself helped Jason in every way" (13) and now he "has taken a royal wife to his bed" (18). Right away we are angry with Jason for breaking his wedding vows, and we are building up sympathy for Medea as the Nurse describes her acts of suffering. When we first see Medea, she speaks passionately to the women of Corinth and convinces them to side with her. She evokes their sympathy by drawing further attention to her suffering and speaking in terms that bring them all to common ground. Aegeus becomes Medea’s first victim when he, unknowingly, provides the final building block in he r plan for revenge against Jason. We sympathize for Aegeus in his ignorance. Medea now has confidence in her plan, so she reveals it to the women of Corinth. She is going to send her children to Jason’s bride with a poisoned dress that will make her die in agony. We are still compelled to sympathize with Medea at this point because she has justified her reasons for seeking revenge. However, the princess is oblivious to Medea’s plot; she will accept the gift for its beauty then meet an unexpected, agonized death. The image of pain and agony elicits our sympathy as well. Medea presents her most perverse speech when she explains how she will kill her own children then flee Corinth. Alone, these acts provoke pure disgust, but Euripides has developed Medea’s character as a coercive force; we still sympathize with her for her plight, yet we also hate her for her decisions. The women of Corinth try to persuade her away from this morbid choice, but their arguments are i neffective. Euripides employs stichomythia in the exchange between the women and Medea to show Medea breaking down boundaries between self and other, which prevent sympathy (811-819). Euripedes focuses on suffering, ignorance, and rhetoric to leave us torn in our sympathy for every character. Vergil elicits sympathy from readers in the beginning of The Aeneid when characters suffer physically and emotionally.

Essay --

Over the past century, many countries have started implementing community water fluoridation as a method of promoting dental care. As a result, fluoridation has generated both positive and negative consequences for the human body and the societies. Fluoridation is defined as â€Å"the process of adding fluoride ions to the public water supplies for the purpose of reducing the incidence of dental caries.†1 Whether or not community water fluoridation will benefit society is a controversial issue. On the one hand, excess amounts of fluoride could lead to potential health problems and affect many tissues in the body besides the teeth. Furthermore, fluoridation removes individuals’ rights to choose what they ingest from the public water supplies and their rights to receive tailored medication. On the other hand, water fluoridation is considered safe for both the environment and individuals at optimal levels and it is an effective approach to distribution. Finally, because th e access to running water is widespread and cost-effective, water fluoridation could benefit the whole population equally. Firstly, when the amount of fluoride in the human body exceeds the prescribed standards, there is an association between fluoride and several health concerns. There is minimal difference between the toxic and effective dose. Therefore it is possible for individuals to suffer from consequences of fluoride over-exposure, such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. According to the Fluoride Alert Organization, fluoride could also disrupt the normal endocrine functions of several tissues and organs, including the bones, the brain, the thyroid gland, the pineal gland, and even blood sugar levels.2 For example, researchers claimed that acute poisoning of fluor... ...ves in the public water supplies must apply to the levels formulated in the â€Å"Guidelines for the Use of Fluorides† published by Ministry of Health. According to New Zealand Dental Association’s study, in every single year, water fluoridation is estimated to prevent 58,000-267,000 cases of dental caries and associated illnesses. Also, there is a strong association between community water fluoridation and the decrease of children’s dental hospital admission rates.10 Over 60 years ago, researchers have been recording the effectiveness of community water fluoridation,8 which shows that there is a history of positive water fluoridation. Together with these contemporary findings, they prove the continuing effectiveness of fluoridation. Thus, public water supplies are ideal medium for fluoride and water fluoridation is a both safe and effective method at recommended levels.